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Over the past three decades, a range of mosquito-borne viruses that threaten public and veterinary health have emerged or re-emerged in Europe. Mosquito surveillance activities have highlighted the Culex pipiens species complex as being critical for the maintenance of a number of these viruses. This species complex contains morphologically similar forms that exhibit variation in phenotypes that can influence the probability of virus transmission.

Critical amongst these is the choice of host on which to feed, with different forms showing different feeding preferences. This influences the ability of the mosquito to vector viruses and facilitate transmission of viruses to humans and domestic animals. Biases towards blood-feeding on avian or mammalian hosts have been demonstrated for different Cx. Pipiens ecoforms and emerging evidence of hybrid populations across Europe adds another level of complexity to virus transmission.

A range of molecular methods based on DNA have been developed to enable discrimination between morphologically indistinguishable forms, although this remains an active area of research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of developments in the understanding of the ecology, behaviour and genetics of Cx. Pipiens in Europe, and how this influences arbovirus transmission. Introduction Mosquitoes are responsible for the biological transmission of a wide diversity of arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) that cause diseases in humans, companion animals and livestock []. Among the approximately 3500 mosquito species currently recognised worldwide [,], only a small number play a primary role in the transmission of arboviruses. Think and grow rich book indonesia pdf.

The species that do fulfil this role tend to have adopted a degree of anthropophilic behaviour and occur at high abundance and in close proximity to susceptible hosts, primarily through exploitation of larval development sites created by humans. In Europe, the recent emergence of mosquito-borne arboviruses has focused attention on identifying the species of mosquito that drive pathogen transmission. This phenomenon has occurred simultaneously with the incursion and establishment of several exotic and highly invasive species of mosquito associated with globalised trade. Several species of the Aedes genus have become established following importation and are a notable biting nuisance []. Significantly, they change the epidemiological status of the region with respect to the occurrence of vector-borne disease. The first incursion into Europe of Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895) was reported in Albania in 1979 [], followed by Italy in 1990 []. The ability of this mosquito to exploit container habitats to breed in urban areas, produce diapausing eggs in temperate regions, and successfully expand through transportation in vehicles along highway systems, has facilitated its movement to more than 28 European countries and its establishment throughout large parts of the Mediterranean Basin [], with a subsequent spread north.

Similarly, since 2005 [], populations of Ae. Aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) have been reported on the Portuguese island of Madeira and are expanding in the Black Sea region []; populations of Ae.

Japonicus (Theobald, 1901) have become widely established throughout Germany and have been reported from other countries such as Belgium and The Netherlands; and Ae. Koreicus (Edwards, 1917) has been reported from Belgium and Italy [,].

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The involvement of Ae. Albopictus in the local transmission of arboviruses previously considered to be exotic, such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Italy [], is now a major concern for European public health. This species may furthermore facilitate emergence and re-emergence of other viruses including dengue virus (DENV). In contrast, invasive species of mosquito appear to have had only a limited impact on the transmission of arboviruses that have a longer history of circulation in Europe. The highest profile of these is West Nile virus (WNV), which has been present in this region for at least twenty years. In southern Europe WNV has been detected in the indigenous mosquito species Culex pipiens (L.