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Background This study aimed at (1) assessing the genomic stratification of experimental lines of Nelore cattle that have experienced different selection regimes for growth traits, and (2) identifying genomic regions that have undergone recent selection. We used a sample of 763 animals genotyped with the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip, among which 674 animals originated from two lines that are maintained under directional selection for increased yearling body weight and 89 animals from a control line that is maintained under stabilizing selection. Results Multidimensional analysis of the genomic dissimilarity matrix and admixture analysis revealed a substantial level of population stratification between the directional selection lines and the stabilizing selection control line. Two of the three tests used to detect selection signatures ( F ST, XP-EHH and iHS) revealed six candidate regions with indications of selection, which strongly indicates truly positive signals.

The set of identified candidate genes included several genes with roles that are functionally related to growth metabolism, such as COL14A1, CPT1C, CRH, TBC1D1, and XKR4. Description of the experimental selection program Since the experimental program was established in 1980, the NeC, NeS and NeT lines are composed of 60, 120 and 170 cows with four, six and up to eight bulls, respectively, with 50% of the bulls at 2 years of age (first mating) and 50% at 3 years (second and last mating). The females that were initially assigned to each line were randomly chosen from an experimental herd of 350 cows, and since then, the annual culling rate of cows is approximately 20%, with replacement females for each line being selected based on their YBW at 550 days of age and raised on pasture.

The bulls that were initially assigned to each line were chosen based on their YBW at 378 days of age, after 168-day feedlot performance tests. The bulls that were assigned to the NeC line had a YBW close to the average value for bulls with the same birth year (1977 or 1978), while those assigned to the NeS and NeT lines had a higher YBW. This bull selection scheme was maintained to the present day, by replacing annually the 50% older bulls within each line. Average annual selection intensities of 0.05 ± 0.24, 0.42 ± 0.29 and 0.56 ± 0.28 were applied to NeC, NeS and NeT females, respectively, while the corresponding values for males are equal to − 0.03 ± 0.20, 1.46 ± 0.30 and 1.60 ± 0.54.

We used a subsample of 782 animals born between 2004 and 2012 (92 NeC, 192 NeS and 498 NeT) that were previously genotyped because of phenotypes related to feed efficiency [, ]. The average GC for this subsample was equal to 6.1 (ranging from 4.4 to 7.7) and generation 6 had the broadest representation of animals from each line [see Additional file: Table S1].